3因素随机裂区试验设计及其统计分析

提出一种新的3因素随机裂区试验设计,给出了自由度与平方和分解方案,以及固定模型、随机模型及2种混合模型的均方构成,同时提出了随机模型误差方差计算方法。     

苎麻茎秆机械分离过程力学建模与试验分析

现有苎麻茎秆机械分离技术主要核心工作部件是剥麻辊结构,试验以该核心工作部件为基础,构建了新型茎秆分离台架。苎麻茎秆分离过程是由折断和麻皮麻骨分离瞬时完成的,以此推导了辊齿对麻秆作用的折断能和分离能的关系表达式,分析了结构参数对茎秆分离的影响;在此基础上,对主要部件剥麻辊以辊转速、辊半径、辊齿数、啮合深度为试验因素,设置了L9(34)正交试验。结果表明,各因素对剥净率影响的高低排序为剥麻辊转速、啮合深度、剥麻辊齿数、剥麻辊半径,较优组合为剥麻辊转速900 r/min、啮合深度5 mm、剥麻辊齿数20个、剥麻辊半径120 mm,此时剥净率为98.42%。试验揭示了苎麻茎秆机械分离的机理,优化了剥麻技术的工艺参数,为剥麻技术的开发提供了技术支撑。     

山楂、冬瓜、荷叶天然复合保健饮料的工艺研究

以山楂(Crataegus pinnatifida)、冬瓜[Benincasa hispida(Thunb.)Cogn.]、荷(Nelumbo nucifera)叶为原料制作天然复合保健饮料,添加蔗糖、柠檬酸、CMC-Na、蜂蜜为辅料,通过单因素试验和正交试验优化其工艺。结果表明,制作天然复合保健饮料的优化工艺为饮料原汁100 m L、蜂蜜4%、蔗糖2%、柠檬酸0.05%、CMC-Na 0.08%,在此工艺条件下制得的天然复合保健饮料色、香、味俱佳。     

河北省低平原区近16年来农田施肥量、作物产量和养分效率的变化特征

为阐明近16年来河北省低平原区农田养分管理措施对作物产量和养分效率的影响,提高农田养分管理技术水平,对1998~2014年在河北省开展的6个土壤肥力定位监测试验进行了统计分析。结果发现,河北省低平原区小麦氮、磷、钾肥施用量一直维持在较高的水平,年平均施用量分别为315.2、199.5和173.2 kg/hm~2。玉米施肥量逐年增加,2014年氮、磷、钾施用量分别为247.0、69.8和128.5 kg/hm~2。小麦、玉米施肥区产量分别较1998年提升了40.7%和72.4%,小麦无肥区没有明显增产,玉米无肥区产量提高了36.1%。施肥量增加对小麦产量没有明显的影响,但对玉米产量增加有显著的促进作用,其中氮素是影响玉米产量的最主要因素。小麦的氮肥偏生产力和农学效率因施肥量较高在过去16年间没有明显的变化,而玉米则随时间和施肥量的增加呈下降趋势。土壤基础地力对小麦、玉米产量的贡献率呈逐年下降的趋势。     

四方麻总黄酮提取工艺的研究

采用超声波法提取四方麻[Veronicastrum caulopterum(Hance)Yamazaki]总黄酮,对乙醇体积分数、液固比、提取时间、超声功率4个因素进行考察,通过正交试验确定了四方麻总黄酮超声波提取的最佳工艺条件为乙醇体积分数40%、液固比40∶1(m L∶g)、提取时间80 min、超声功率280 W,该工艺条件下得到四方麻总黄酮含量为16.18 mg/g,表明4个因素对总黄酮含量的影响大小顺序为液固比乙醇体积分数提取时间超声功率。     

No evidence for avoidance of black rat scent by the presumably less competitive Natal multimammate mouse in a choice experiment

In Africa, indigenous multimammate mice (Mastomys natalensis) only appear to live commensally in houses when invasive black rats (Rattus rattus) are absent, yet little is known about the underlying mechanism. Avoidance through smell may cause the absence of M. natalensis from areas occupied by R. rattus, but this hypothesis has not yet been tested. We conducted a Y-maze choice experiment where 15 M. natalensis were offered a choice between corridors containing conspecific scent, R. rattus scent and a control scent. Residence time in the R. rattus corridor was greater than that in the control corridor but equal to that in the M. natalensis corridor, suggesting that multimammate mice do not actively avoid the scent of their invasive competitor.     

密斯蒂蓝莓花粉形态及授粉亲和性观察

摘要：以密斯蒂蓝莓为试材,进行花粉粒电镜扫描及自花授粉和异花授粉试验,观察花粉管萌发及生长动态荧光显微,调查不同授粉方式的坐果率,测定果实品质。结果表明,密斯蒂花粉形态均为四合花粉,呈四面体排列,近似圆角三角形,极轴*赤道轴为28.5*26.02μm;荧光显微观察发现自花授粉和异花授粉8h花粉开始在柱头萌发,14h有大量花粉萌发,花粉管进入花柱;24h花粉管进到花柱底部;48h花粉管进入胚珠,到达胚囊,完成双受精,自花授粉和异花授粉均有较好的亲和性;密斯蒂异花授粉坐果率最高,两种授粉方式果实品质无显著差异。     

Experimental Warming Aggravates Degradation‐Induced Topsoil Drought in Alpine Meadows of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau

Climatic warming is presumed to cause topsoil drought by increasing evapotranspiration and water infiltration, and by progressively inducing land degradation in alpine meadows of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau. However, how soil moisture and temperature patterns of degraded alpine meadows respond to climate warming remains unclear. A 6‐year continuous warming experiment was carried out in both degraded and undegraded alpine meadows in the source region of the Yangtze River. The goal was to identify the effects of climatic warming and land degradation on soil moisture (θ ), soil surface temperature (T _sfc ), and soil temperature (T _s ). In the present study, land degradation significantly reduced θ by 4·5–6·1% at a depth of 0–100 cm (p  < 0·001) and increased the annual mean T _sfc by 0·8 °C. Warming with an infrared heater (radiation output of 150 W m⁻²) significantly increased the annual mean T _sfc by 2·5 °C (p  < 0·001) and significantly increased θ by 4·7% at a depth of 40–60 cm. Experimental warming in degraded land reversed the positive effects of the infrared heater and caused the yearly average θ to decrease significantly by 3·7–8·1% at a depth of 0–100 cm. Our research reveals that land degradation caused a significant water deficit near the soil surface. Experimental warming aggravated topsoil drought caused by land degradation, intensified the magnitude of degradation, and caused a positive feedback in the degraded alpine meadow ecosystem. Therefore, an immediate need exists to restore degraded alpine meadow grasslands in the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau in anticipation of a warmer future. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

不同施肥措施对洞庭湖区旱地肥力及作物产量的影响

应用长期定位试验方法,研究了洞庭湖区非粮食作物棉花-油菜轮作下,农民习惯施肥(TF)、配方施肥(NPK)及有机肥和化肥不同配比模式[有机肥来源氮占配方肥总氮量的50%(50%OM)、30%(30%OM)和10%(10%OM)]的作物产量和土壤养分的变化,以期为相应作物种植制度下的合理施肥提供参考。研究结果表明:在本试验施肥量及有机无机肥配比下,有机肥和化肥配施显著提高了棉花和油菜的产量,且以50%OM处理产量最高,各处理产量的顺序为50%OM30%OM10%OMNPKTFCK(不施肥对照);当有机氮施用量占总氮量的50%时(50%OM处理),棉花和油菜产量分别比NPK处理高24.52%、29.57%,比习惯施肥(TF)处理分别高46.03%和49.07%。同时,施用有机肥各处理作物产量的年际变化均不到20%,明显小于NPK、TF和CK处理,即施用有机肥不仅能促进旱地作物高产,同时也能保证其稳产。有机肥与化肥配施能增加土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮和速效钾含量,且以50%OM处理效果最好,与试验前比较的增加幅度分别达57.5%、38.2%、65.1%和48.1%;土壤有效磷含量有随施入磷素量的增加而增加趋势;而CK处理土壤有机质和养分含量则均呈逐年下降的趋势。各处理土壤有机质和养分含量(Y)随试验年限(X)的变化均可用方程式Y=a X+b来表示。在洞庭湖区肥力较高的旱地土壤中,合理的有机肥和化肥施用比例对保障非粮作物高产稳产和耕地地力提升尤为重要,且本试验条件下当有机肥来源氮占总施氮量的50%时能获得最佳效果。     

中国原木进口与木质林产品出口的动态分析

1992-2014年中国木质林产品出口总值增长37.7倍,年均增长率达到17.94%;而原木进口总值增长25.6倍,年均增长率为15.89%。原木进口与木质林产品出口存在相同的增长趋势。文中以原木进口总值和木质林产品出口总值数据为基础建立VECM模型,并通过正交化脉冲响应函数和方差分解分析证明,中国原木进口与林产品出口之间存在正相关关系,原木进口显著推动了中国木质林产品的出口,但原木的供应不足也将制约林产品出口规模的进一步扩大。因此,缓解原木供求矛盾和优化林产品出口结构成为推动林产品贸易健康发展亟待解决的问题。